Aristophanes the Athenian was born c.446 and died c. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion, one of the larger demes of Ancient Athens. It is significant that the butt of much of Aristophanes' satirical joking in his comedy was directed at Cleon, a politician and member of this very same deme. He was the comic playwright in Ancient Athens of Old Comedy par excellence. Indeed his work defines Old Comedy. Eleven of his forty plays have survived into modern times virtually complete. Several fragments from dozens of his lost plays have also survived.
He is often mentioned as being the father of science-fiction because the plots in his dramas take his audience to strange lands and highly imaginative situtations: CloudCuckooLand in Clouds and the Underworld or Hades in Frogs, He has the wasps in Wasps sting each other on stage in a lampoon against democracy.
Aristophanes is full of surprises for his audiences, for example one never knows whether his Chorus is for or against his principal antagonist until they have both come on stage. Are they going to side with him or mock him?
Aristophanes believed that Athens had become decadent and its population had been corrupted by the rhetoric of demagogues like Cleon. Its democracy was suffering from abuse. Large numbers of citizens were now receiving sums of money for attending trials as jurymen which had hugely large juries; these people were living off the state, which only encouraged, in Aristophanes' view, idleness. Athens was falling into lethargy. Aristophanes hated the new education that the sophists were bringing to Athens, of which the art of rhetoric was one. The population was being corrupted by cults: processions, drunken-ness, songs and dances. and the partying of banquets and feasts. Athens seemed to him to have lost its serious faith, proper devotion and dogmatic discussion.
Aristophanes directed his energies against what he saw that Athens had fallen into, the abuse of its democracy by demagogues, even if these latter were the people's own favorites and even against his own goal or desire to win the comedy drama competition. Aristophanes saw that aristocracy had a role or purpose in defeating the demagogues. Aristophanes loved Liberty, and hated demagogues, who he thought were a despotic clique of wretched intriguers oppressing Athens. Aristophanes wanted Athens to recover that priority of purpose it once had in former times. Aristophanes appealed to the Athenian sense that it once had in its days of yore, that is he was appealing to the ideas that inspired former generations which had brought greatness to Athens to make it the leading city-state in Greece. The men of Marathon were often appealed to, and also the great soldier that Aristophanes thought Aeschylus to have been.
Aristophanes thought Athens needed to see the truth in politics and morality a s he saw. Athens Aristophanes thought had lost its piety. Arsitophanes came from an Aristocratic family, and was deeply conservative. And because of this the Gods in his plays were fair game to mockery. Modesty was not part of Aristophanes' vocabulary. Aristophanes believed in Liberty, one led by the upper classes. The demagogues were only appealing to the base nature of the mob which would only lead to Ochlocracy.
Chronological Context of Aristophanes' Plays
Also known as Aristophanes comicus.
References
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Oxford World's Classics edition
Aristophanes : Frogs and Other Plays (Feb 01, 2017 edition) | Open Library
Birds, Lysistrata, Assembly-women, Wealth trans by Stephen Halliwell
Mitchell Translations
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T. Mitchell: Comedies of Aristophanes Volume II
v. 1. The Acharnians ; The knights --
v. 2. The clouds ; The wasps --
v. 3. The peace ; The birds --
v. 4. Lysistrata ; The thesmophoriazusae --
v. 5 The frogs ; The ecclesiazusae --
v. 6. Plutus, with a translation of the Menaechmi of Plautus.
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Comedies of Aristophanes v.2 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.3 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.4 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.5 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.6 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Text of Plays by Aristophanes: Drama Online - Aristophanes
Aristophanes and Cleon
T. A. Dorey
Greece & Rome
Vol. 3, No. 2, Jubilee Number (Oct., 1956), pp. 132-139
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
https://www.jstor.org/stable/641363
"The Clouds": Aristophanic Comedy and Democratic Education
James L. Kastely
Rhetoric Society Quarterly
Vol. 27, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 25-46
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3886105
Transposing Aristophanes: The Theory And Practice Of Translating Aristophanic Lyric
Author(s): JAMES ROBSON
Source: Greece & Rome, Second Series, Vol. 59, No. 2 (OCTOBER 2012), pp. 214-244
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275169
The Structure of Aristophanic Comedy
G. M. Sifakis
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
Vol. 112 (1992), pp. 123-142
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
DOI: 10.2307/632156
https://www.jstor.org/stable/632156
The Manuscripts of Aristophanes. I
Author(s): John Williams White
Source: Classical Philology, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan., 1906), pp. 1-20
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/261346
The Manuscripts of Aristophanes. II
Author(s): John Williams White
Source: Classical Philology, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Jul., 1906), pp. 255-278
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/262011.
Birds, Lysistrata, Assembly-women, Wealth trans by Stephen Halliwell
Mitchell Translations
Aristophanes; tr. Thomas Mitchell (1820). The Comedies of Aristophanes: Preface. Preliminary discourse. The Acharnians. The knights or The demagogues. Volume I. John Murray.
T. Mitchell: Comedies of Aristophanes Volume II
Comedies of Aristophanes
edited, translated and explained by Benjamin Bickley Rogers.v. 1. The Acharnians ; The knights --
v. 2. The clouds ; The wasps --
v. 3. The peace ; The birds --
v. 4. Lysistrata ; The thesmophoriazusae --
v. 5 The frogs ; The ecclesiazusae --
v. 6. Plutus, with a translation of the Menaechmi of Plautus.
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Comedies of Aristophanes v.2 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.3 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.4 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.5 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Comedies of Aristophanes v.6 : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Text of Plays by Aristophanes: Drama Online - Aristophanes
Comedies of Aristophanes
Dual Language Editions (Original Ancient Greek and English) edited and translations by Alan H. Sommerstein
Publisher: Aris & Phillips/Oxford
Volume 1 Acharnians ISBN 0856681725
Volume 2 Knights ISBN 0856681784
Volume 3 Clouds ISBN 0856682101
Volume 4 Wasps ISBN 0856682136
Volume 5 Peace ISBN 0856682132
Volume 6 Birds ISBN 0856682888
Volume 7 Lysistrata ISBN 0856684589
Volume 8 Thesmophoriazusae ISBN 0856685593
Volume 9 Frogs ISBN 0856686484
Volume 10 Ecclesiazusae ISBN 0856687081
Volume 11 Wealth ISBN 0856687391
Volume 12 Indexes ISBN 0856685593
Aristophanes and Cleon
T. A. Dorey
Greece & Rome
Vol. 3, No. 2, Jubilee Number (Oct., 1956), pp. 132-139
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
https://www.jstor.org/stable/641363
"The Clouds": Aristophanic Comedy and Democratic Education
James L. Kastely
Rhetoric Society Quarterly
Vol. 27, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 25-46
Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3886105
Transposing Aristophanes: The Theory And Practice Of Translating Aristophanic Lyric
Author(s): JAMES ROBSON
Source: Greece & Rome, Second Series, Vol. 59, No. 2 (OCTOBER 2012), pp. 214-244
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275169
The Structure of Aristophanic Comedy
G. M. Sifakis
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
Vol. 112 (1992), pp. 123-142
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
DOI: 10.2307/632156
https://www.jstor.org/stable/632156
The Manuscripts of Aristophanes. I
Author(s): John Williams White
Source: Classical Philology, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan., 1906), pp. 1-20
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/261346
The Manuscripts of Aristophanes. II
Author(s): John Williams White
Source: Classical Philology, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Jul., 1906), pp. 255-278
Published by: The University of Chicago Press
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/262011.
Smith, N. D. (1989). Diviners and Divination in Aristophanic Comedy. Classical Antiquity, 8(1), 140–158. https://doi.org/10.2307/25010899 https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010899
Gregory Dobrov (16 February 2010). Brill's Companion to the Study of Greek Comedy. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-18884-6..
The litigious Athenian : Christ, Matthew Robert - Internet Archive
Philosophy & comedy : Aristophanes, logos, and erōs : Freydberg, Bernard, - Internet Archive
Fathers and sons in Athens : Barry S. Strauss - Internet Archive
Aristophanes - Father of Comedy: Plays & Biography.
Philosophy & comedy : Aristophanes, logos, and erōs : Freydberg, Bernard, - Internet Archive
Fathers and sons in Athens : Barry S. Strauss - Internet Archive
Aristophanes - Father of Comedy: Plays & Biography.
Philosophy & comedy : Aristophanes, logos, and erōs : Freydberg, Bernard - Internet Archive
Schell, Joseph O., "Aristophanes and the Sophists" (1940). Master's Theses. Paper 359. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/359
The Sophists: An Introduction. A&C Black. 10 October 2013. ISBN 978-1-4725-2119-4.
Plato's dialogues - 2nd tetralogy: the Sophists
A History of Ideas - Classicist Edith Hall on Aristophanes in Plato - BBC Sounds
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φροντ-ιστήριον - Socrates' Thinking Shop
Aristophanes (Collins) - Wikisource
Heath, M. (1987) Political Comedy in Aristophanes. Hypomnemata, 87 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen . ISBN 978-3525251867 http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3588/
The evolution of Aristophanic stagecraft
Comedy, Tragedy, and Politics in Aristophanes' "Frogs"
James Redfield
Chicago Review
Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer - Autumn, 1962), pp. 107-121
Published by: Chicago Review
DOI: 10.2307/25293700
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25293700
Politics in the Frogs of Aristophanes
J. T. Sheppard and A. W. Verrall
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
Vol. 30 (1910), pp. 249-259
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
DOI: 10.2307/624304
https://www.jstor.org/stable/624304
Political Theory in Aristophanes' Ecclesiazusae
William Casement
Journal of Thought
Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter 1986), pp. 64-79
Published by: Caddo Gap Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589924
References to Works
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Acharnians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frogs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(play)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysistrata
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wasps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knights
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesmophoriazusae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clouds
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutus_(play)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblywomen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_(play)
Audio
Lysistrata (Caedmon, 1966) : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Works
Aristophanes (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Aristophanes (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-909496-49-1.
Aristophanes (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Aristophanes (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-909496-49-1.
Aristophanes - The_Eleven_Comedies Wikisource
Perseus Search Result for Aristophanes
Aristophanes - Tom's Learning Notes
Wikisource
Aristophanes - Wikisource
Peace (Aristophanes) - Wikisource
The Frogs (Aristophanes) - Wikisource
The Wasps - Wikisource
Drama eServer
Ecclesiazusae
Lysistrata
Peace
Schell, Joseph O., "Aristophanes and the Sophists" (1940). Master's Theses. Paper 359. http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/359
The Sophists: An Introduction. A&C Black. 10 October 2013. ISBN 978-1-4725-2119-4.
Plato's dialogues - 2nd tetralogy: the Sophists
A History of Ideas - Classicist Edith Hall on Aristophanes in Plato - BBC Sounds
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, φροντ-ιστήριον - Socrates' Thinking Shop
Aristophanes (Collins) - Wikisource
Heath, M. (1987) Political Comedy in Aristophanes. Hypomnemata, 87 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , Göttingen . ISBN 978-3525251867 http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3588/
The evolution of Aristophanic stagecraft
Comedy, Tragedy, and Politics in Aristophanes' "Frogs"
James Redfield
Chicago Review
Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer - Autumn, 1962), pp. 107-121
Published by: Chicago Review
DOI: 10.2307/25293700
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25293700
Politics in the Frogs of Aristophanes
J. T. Sheppard and A. W. Verrall
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
Vol. 30 (1910), pp. 249-259
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
DOI: 10.2307/624304
https://www.jstor.org/stable/624304
Political Theory in Aristophanes' Ecclesiazusae
William Casement
Journal of Thought
Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter 1986), pp. 64-79
Published by: Caddo Gap Press
https://www.jstor.org/stable/42589924
Jones, D. M. (1961). The Agon in Aristophanes [Review of Der epirrhematische Agon bei Aristophanes, by T. Gelzer]. The Classical Review, 11(2), 118–120. http://www.jstor.org/stable/707531
References to Works
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Acharnians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Frogs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birds_(play)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysistrata
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wasps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Knights
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesmophoriazusae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clouds
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutus_(play)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assemblywomen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_(play)
Audio
Lysistrata (Caedmon, 1966) : Aristophanes - Internet Archive
Works
Aristophanes (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Aristophanes (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-909496-49-1.
Aristophanes (2013). Delphi Complete Works of Aristophanes (Illustrated). Delphi Classics. ISBN 978-1-909496-49-1.
Aristophanes - The_Eleven_Comedies Wikisource
Perseus Search Result for Aristophanes
Aristophanes - Tom's Learning Notes
Wikisource
Aristophanes - Wikisource
Peace (Aristophanes) - Wikisource
The Frogs (Aristophanes) - Wikisource
The Wasps - Wikisource
- The Acharnians (Frere)
(425 BCE) - The Knights (424 BCE)
- The Clouds (original 423 BCE, uncompleted revised version from 419–416 BCE survives)
- The Wasps (422 BCE)
- Peace (first version, 421 BCE)
- The Birds (414 BCE)
- Lysistrata (411 BCE)
- The Frogs (405 BCE)
- THE THESMOPORIAZUSÆ (c.411 BCE)
- THE ECCLESIAZUSÆ (391 BCE)
- PLUTUS (408 BCE and 388 BCE)
Drama eServer
Ecclesiazusae
Lysistrata
Peace
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